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	<title>PUBBLICAZIONI E RICERCHE &#8211; Prof. Roberto Visentin</title>
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		<title>2019 &#8211; Energetic Options to Sustain the Planetary Economy</title>
		<link>https://www.visentinroberto.it/energetic-options-to-sustain-the-planetary-economy/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Marta Visentin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 12 Feb 2022 21:00:16 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[PUBBLICAZIONI E RICERCHE]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[International Journal of Innovative Studies in Sciences and Engineering Technology (IJISSET)ISSN 2455-4863 (Online) www.ijisset.org Volume: 5 Issue: 10 &#124; 2019© 2019, IJISSET Page 32Energetic Options to Sustain the Planetary EconomyRoberto VISENTINDepartment of Physics, EngineeringFaculty, Calabria University, Cosenza, Italy]]></description>
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									<p><strong>International Journal of Innovative Studies in Sciences and Engineering Technology</strong> (IJISSET)<br />ISSN 2455-4863 (Online) www.ijisset.org Volume: 5 Issue: 10 | 2019<br />© 2019, IJISSET Page 32<br /><strong>Energetic Options to Sustain the Planetary Economy</strong><br /><strong>Roberto VISENTIN</strong><br />Department of Physics, EngineeringFaculty, Calabria University, Cosenza, Italy</p>								</div>
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		<title>2018 &#8211; Vers for Nature &#8211; Planetary Hydrogen Economy &#8211; Marzo</title>
		<link>https://www.visentinroberto.it/2018-marzo-vers-for-nature-planetary-hydrogen-economy-prof-r-visentin-1-marzo-2018/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Marta Visentin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 Mar 2022 15:42:25 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[PUBBLICAZIONI E RICERCHE]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://robertovisentin.info/?p=494</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Author: Prof. Roberto Visentin Summary A low cost planetary hydrogen economy is considered as substitutive of FDE economy (fossil derived energies) under exhaustion before the year 2100. In the study are analyzed the proved energetic options no carbon dioxide producers (atomic and full safe hard solar). Hard solar is able to sustain for long time [&#8230;]]]></description>
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									<p>Author: Prof. Roberto Visentin</p><p><u>Summary</u></p><p>A low cost planetary hydrogen economy is considered as substitutive of FDE economy (fossil derived energies) under exhaustion before the year 2100. In the study are analyzed the proved energetic options no carbon dioxide producers (atomic and full safe hard solar).</p><p>Hard solar is able to sustain for long time duration (more than 5000 centuries) the earth&#8217;s hydrogen economy and to produce also planetary benefits, while the atomic option shows off insurmontable limits.</p><p>The planetary economic strategy is presented, it allows to build up the hydrogen planetary economy at low investments costs.</p><p>INTRODUCTION</p><p>At present the development on the earth (wars included) is sustained for 85% by the FDE consumed (fossil derived energies, oil, natural gas, coal). The contribution of the atomic energy is 5.2% of the  FDE consumed, while the contribution of renewable hydroelectricity is 10% of the FDE consumed for a total of 16.53 billion TEP/year now consumed.</p><p>The world&#8217;s population number will be 10 billion units in the year 2070 and the FDE consumed 20.4 billion TEP/year. In the years 2030-2050 a planetary energetic transition is foreseen due to the high prices of electricity and FDE derived fuels, as well as high cost of money. In addition a catastrophic geostorm is in charge and it could explode in the years 2040-2070 when the share of the infrared reflecting gases in the atmosphere will raise to 650-870 (it was 295 in the year 1956).</p><p>The exhaustion of  FDE economy is foreseen around the year 2084, but the man-made global warming effect will continue up to the year 2150 when the share will be still greater than 700: the atmosphere memory of the infrared reflecting gases pumped in by the man-made global warming will produce a century (2050-2150) of geostorms and great climatic instability.</p><p>To sustain the development 14 billion TEP/year of FDE could be substituted before the end of the century 2000-2100.</p>								</div>
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		<title>2018 &#8211; Soft transition to planetary hydrogen economy &#8211; Low price fuels and elettricity &#8211; Gennaio</title>
		<link>https://www.visentinroberto.it/2018-gen-soft-transition-to-planetary-hydrogen-economy-low-price-fuels-and-elettricity/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Marta Visentin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 Mar 2022 15:37:40 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[PUBBLICAZIONI E RICERCHE]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://robertovisentin.info/?p=486</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Author: Prof. Roberto Visentin Abstract From 1981 the FDE (fossil derived energies, coal, oil, natural gas) consumption continue to increase and now, year 2018, the development of the Earth (wars included) is sustained for 85% by FDE consumed. If the mean per capita FDE consumed/year remain constant (2.05 TEP/year per person) the probable time of [&#8230;]]]></description>
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									<p class="Standard"><span lang="EN-US">Author: Prof. Roberto Visentin</span></p><p class="Standard"><u><span lang="EN-US">Abstract</span></u></p><p class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">From 1981 the FDE (fossil derived energies, coal, oil, natural gas) consumption continue to increase and now, year 2018, the development of the Earth (wars included) is sustained for 85% by FDE consumed.</span></p><p class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">If the mean per capita FDE consumed/year remain constant (2.05 TEP/year per person) the probable time of total FDE exhaustion is year 2084. Then the 2030 energetic transition could be considered from now, to avoid the collapse of the global economy. This action requires:</span></p><p class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">1 &#8211; to give global dimension to the energetic world&#8217;s perspectives</span></p><p class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">2 &#8211; to avoid to waste money</span></p><p class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">3 – to save strategic quantities of coal, from which carbonium is obtained (synthetic liquid fuels production)</span></p><p class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">The new planetary energetic economy could take into account:</span></p><p class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">a &#8211; how to find and to manage the necessary investments capitals</span></p><p class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">b &#8211; the security problems which emerge from the proliferation on the earth of energetic new systems</span></p><p class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">c &#8211; the time duration of economically recoverable energetic</span></p><p class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">d &#8211; the time lenght necessary to have the new energetic system 100% operative and related economy to manage its regime and renew time periods.</span></p><p class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">The probable FDE total exhaustion time is the year 2084.</span></p>								</div>
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		<title>2018 &#8211; The Man Made Global Warming &#8211; Energetic Scenarios</title>
		<link>https://www.visentinroberto.it/the-man-made-global-warming-energetic-scenarios/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Marta Visentin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 12 Feb 2022 20:53:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[PUBBLICAZIONI E RICERCHE]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://robertovisentin.info/?p=209</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[American Journal of Environmental Protection2018; 7(5): 63-69 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajep doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20180705.11 ISSN: 2328-5680 (Print); ISSN: 2328-5699 (Online) Roberto Visentin Department of Physics, Engineering Faculty, Università della Calabria, Cosenza, Italy To cite this article: Roberto Visentin. The Man Made Global Warming &#8211; Energetic Scenarios. American Journal of Environmental Protection. Vol. 7, No. 5, 2018, pp. 63-69. doi: [&#8230;]]]></description>
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									<p><strong>American Journal of Environmental Protection</strong><br />2018; 7(5): 63-69 <br />http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajep <br />doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20180705.11 <br />ISSN: 2328-5680 (Print); ISSN: 2328-5699 (Online)</p><p><strong>Roberto Visentin</strong> <br />Department of Physics, Engineering Faculty, Università della Calabria, Cosenza, Italy <br /><strong>To cite this article</strong>: <br />Roberto Visentin. The Man Made Global Warming &#8211; Energetic Scenarios. American Journal of Environmental Protection. <br />Vol. 7, No. 5, 2018, pp. 63-69. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20180705.11 <br /><strong>Received</strong>: September 20, 2018; <strong>Accepted</strong>: October 31, 2018; <strong>Published</strong>: November 19, 2018</p>								</div>
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		<title>2017 &#8211; Soft Transition to Hydrogen Economy to sustain the development on the Earth: the planetary techno-economic strategy</title>
		<link>https://www.visentinroberto.it/2017-soft-transition-to-hydrogen-economy-to-sustain-the-development-on-the-earth-the-planetary-techno-economic-strategy/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Marta Visentin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 Mar 2022 15:33:49 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[PUBBLICAZIONI E RICERCHE]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://robertovisentin.info/?p=480</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Summary The nutricola index N.I. = economically exploitable discovered energy reserves, mean consumptions x year measures measures the time lenght duration of the energy reserves; high values of N.I. correspond to stable price of the energy produced (electricity, fuel). In this work the author presents the techno-economic analysis of planetary hydrogen economy, substitute of the [&#8230;]]]></description>
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									<p><strong>Summary</strong></p><p>The nutricola index N.I. = economically exploitable discovered energy reserves, mean consumptions x year measures measures the time lenght duration of the energy reserves; high values of N.I. correspond to stable price of the energy produced (electricity, fuel). In this work the author presents the techno-economic analysis of planetary hydrogen economy, substitute of the present F.D.E. (Fossil Derived Energies economy), whose probable exhaustion date is around the year 2100. To substitute 85% of F.D.E., now consumed, to sustain the next future economy and to correct the climatic effects, that is 12 billion TEP/y, the necessary hydrogen volume is 47000 billion NCM/y. The electricity to produce the NCM electrolitic hydrogen is 231000 KWhe/y, derived by the proliferation on the earth of 45 million MWe of thermoelectric convertors, or 92 million MWep of light-wind solar energy convertors. To these have to be added all the facilities to transport and store the hydrogen produced. An <strong>unexpected discover of this analysis</strong> is that <strong>silicates safe materials are the fuel consumed by light-wind convertors in a planetary proliferation</strong>, being all the other material used 100% recyclable. The results of the analysis, whose confidence index is 80% are the following:</p><p>&#8211; renewable hydrogen economy has a time duration of 20 million centuries, the prices of the fuel decreasing under 0.2 USD / NCM</p><p>&#8211; the necessary investment to have the planetary hydrogen economy 100% operative is 229000 billion USD, but its cost is <strong>0 USD </strong>(the in-out balance presents a perennial positive cash surplus)</p><p>&#8211; the planetary hydrogen strategy (P.E.S.) requires 125 years (five consecutive periods 25 years each) to have 100% operative the hydrogen producing system.</p><p>Author: Prof. Roberto Visentin</p>								</div>
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									<p><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-550 size-full" src="https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2017-Figure-1.jpg" alt=" 2017 – Soft Transition to Hydrogen Economy to sustain the development on the Earth" width="1500" height="2120" srcset="https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2017-Figure-1.jpg 1500w, https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2017-Figure-1-212x300.jpg 212w, https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2017-Figure-1-725x1024.jpg 725w, https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2017-Figure-1-768x1085.jpg 768w, https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2017-Figure-1-1087x1536.jpg 1087w, https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2017-Figure-1-1449x2048.jpg 1449w" sizes="(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px" /></p><p><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-551 size-full" src="https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2017-Figure-2.jpg" alt=" 2017 – Soft Transition to Hydrogen Economy to sustain the development on the Earth" width="1500" height="2129" srcset="https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2017-Figure-2.jpg 1500w, https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2017-Figure-2-211x300.jpg 211w, https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2017-Figure-2-721x1024.jpg 721w, https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2017-Figure-2-768x1090.jpg 768w, https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2017-Figure-2-1082x1536.jpg 1082w, https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2017-Figure-2-1443x2048.jpg 1443w" sizes="(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px" /></p>								</div>
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		<title>2016 &#8211; Planetary Economic Strategy for a sustainable development on the Earth &#8211; Author Prof. Roberto Visentin &#8211; Italy</title>
		<link>https://www.visentinroberto.it/2016-planetary-economic-strategy-for-a-sustainable-development-on-the-earth-author-prof-roberto-visentin-italy/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Marta Visentin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 Mar 2022 15:28:09 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[PUBBLICAZIONI E RICERCHE]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://robertovisentin.info/?p=473</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[COVER LETTERThe article &#8220;Planetary Economic Strategy for a sustainable development on the Earth&#8221;, authorProf. Roberto Visentin, presents an original economic strategy which allows to reduce the cost ofplanetary energetic investment up to 65% of its foressen value. The study, presented in theforementioned article, makes reference to the necessary investments to link the planetarydevelopment of the [&#8230;]]]></description>
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									<p>COVER LETTER<br />The article &#8220;Planetary Economic Strategy for a sustainable development on the Earth&#8221;, author<br />Prof. Roberto Visentin, presents an original economic strategy which allows to reduce the cost of<br />planetary energetic investment up to 65% of its foressen value. The study, presented in the<br />forementioned article, makes reference to the necessary investments to link the planetary<br />development of the next near future to the consumptions of new energetic fuels which have to<br />substitute the derived fossil fuels. The consumption intensity of these fuels contributes to the<br />atmosphere global warming and it is cause of the exhaustion of their reserves in a time period<br />around a century. On this frame the Nobel prize in Economy 2015, has been alloted to Prof. Angus<br />Deaton (Princeton University, USA) for his studies on &#8220;consumptions in a poor world&#8221;. A diffuse<br />perception of the next near future problems causes the instability of the stock exchange markets, in<br />addition the global effort to increase the consumptions of goods and services by a planet population<br />which becomes poorer, while the science discovers how to lenghten the human beings life duration. <br />A stable transition to the Planetary Hydrogen fuel economy (Hydrogen is the main candidate to<br />subsitute the fossil derived fuels), foresees a world investment around 500000 billion USD, which<br />have to be spent in 125-150 years time period, that is 3333-4000 billion USD / Year, which reduce<br />1166-1400 billion USD / Year when the Planetary economic strategy (described in the article) is<br />adopted. If the number of taxable subjects on the planet will be 5 billion persons the added min tax<br />to be payed is 666-800 USD / Year per person, which is reduced to 232-280 USD / Year per<br />person when the forementioned Planetary economic strategy is operative. In the years 1972-80,<br />at the MIT, Boston, USA, has been produced the document &#8220;The limits of development&#8221; in which<br />are evaluated the socio economic effect of energetic fuel shortage (2030-2050), as well as of not<br />sufficient mais production from cultivated lands to feed 10 billion persons living on the planet (now<br />7 billion). <br />These are some of the arguments in favour of the publication on Nature of the article &#8220;Planetary<br />Economic Strategy for a sustainable development on the Earth&#8221;, author Prof. Roberto Visentin.<br />Yours sincerely,</p><p>Prof. Roberto Visentin</p>								</div>
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		<title>2014 &#8211; Sustained Planetary Economy</title>
		<link>https://www.visentinroberto.it/2014-sustained-planetary-economy/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Marta Visentin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 04 Mar 2022 17:52:25 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[PUBBLICAZIONI E RICERCHE]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://robertovisentin.info/?p=437</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Year 2081 the fossil derived energies, exibit, already from several years, high market price which is unable to sustaine the planetary economy. The excess of infrared reflecting gases in the atmosphere has raised to +153%, while in the year 2019 it was + 77.5%. The world population number continue to grow at mean rate of [&#8230;]]]></description>
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									<p>Year 2081 the fossil derived energies, exibit, already from several years, high market price which is unable to sustaine the planetary economy.</p><p>The excess of infrared reflecting gases in the atmosphere has raised to +153%, while in the year 2019 it was + 77.5%.</p><p>The world population number continue to grow at mean rate of 0.062 billion/year.</p><p>The probable total consumed energy by the 11.5 billion humans   27.7 billion TEP/year;</p><p>1.7 billions TEP/year from hydroelectricity</p><p>26 billions TEP/year to be produced to substitute the fossil consumed energies and to avoid the collapse of the planetary economy.</p><p>The equivalent electricity of 26 billions TEP/year is 104000 billions KWhe/year which have to be consumed has it, liquid and gaseous fuels, electricity.</p><p>The substutive electricity will be produced by the planetary proliferation of new energetic convertors.</p><p>The proliferation 20800000 MWe of the thermoelectric convertors has the proliferation of 90912394 MWep of wind power convertors will produce 104000 billions KWhe/year consumable.</p><p>The energetic options will ask time and organization.</p>								</div>
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		<title>2014 &#8211; Strategia economica per assecondare le politiche di sviluppo compatibile sulla Terra</title>
		<link>https://www.visentinroberto.it/2014-strategia-economica-per-assecondare-le-politiche-disviluppo-compatibile-sulla-t-erra/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Marta Visentin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 04 Mar 2022 17:44:06 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[PUBBLICAZIONI E RICERCHE]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://robertovisentin.info/?p=426</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[di Roberto Visentin PREMESSA L&#8217;energia è un bene primario dalla cui disponibilità dipende la crescita della intensità dei consumi, la quale è condizionata dal tasso di crescita della popolazione nel globo e dalla domanda di beni e servizi che essa manifesta. Questa tendenza potrà continuare ad esplicarsi nel futuro quando si verifichino alcune condizioni su [&#8230;]]]></description>
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									<p>di Roberto Visentin</p><p><strong>PREMESSA</strong></p><p>L&#8217;energia è un bene primario dalla cui disponibilità dipende la crescita della intensità dei consumi, la quale è condizionata dal tasso di crescita della popolazione nel globo e dalla domanda di beni e servizi che essa manifesta. Questa tendenza potrà continuare ad esplicarsi nel futuro quando si verifichino alcune condizioni su cui mi soffermo.</p><ol><li>Liberare risorse, conservando ove possibile, i livelli di benessere già raggiunti in molte aree del globo, per diffondere la migliore qualità della vita a una platea sempre più ampia della popolazione della Terra, riducendo gli sprechi.</li><li>Che non ci sia interruzione della fornitura di energia necessaria a sostenere i consumi.</li><li>Che i prezzi dell&#8217;energia siano sostenibili in relazione alla disponibilità economica della popolazione del globo.</li><li>Che i costi degli interventi necessari a costruire e gestire le infrastrutture energetiche del futuro nel globo siano ammortizzabili e permettano di liberare risorse per nuovi investimenti e riduzione delle tariffe.</li></ol><p> </p><p>Il quadro delle riserve di energie commerciali di cui disponiamo (carbone, petrolio, gas naturale, atomo) ci offre energia, accertata e ragionevolmente sfruttabile, attorno a 1750 miliardi di TEP. Se il consumo di energia nel globo tende ad assestarsi attorno a 15 miliardi di TEP all&#8217;anno, i consumi sulla Terra hanno ancora 117 anni per arrivare alla sola disponibilità di idroelettricità, rinnovabile, che al momento contribuisce con 1,5 miliardi di TEP all&#8217;anno ai consumi del globo, ma che non è ugualmente distribuita come non lo sono le altre energie rinnovabili quali i venti e la luce del sole.</p><p>Il documento predisposto negli anni &#8217;80 al MIT di Boston &#8220;I limiti dello sviluppo&#8221; ha bene analizzato la transizione che si prefigura tra il 2030 e il 2050 e che si verificherà con l&#8217;inizio del tramonto della civiltà del petrolio; ci saranno tensioni nel mercato dell&#8217;energia, un rialzo notevole dei tassi di interesse, un ulteriore impoverimento della popolazione sulla Terra, caduta di ogni barriera al cambiamento.</p><p>La Terra ci offre altre opportunità per sostenere e diffondere il benessere, pur se in un contesto di oculata gestione dei consumi, condizione indispensabile per avere energia a costi sostenibili.</p><p>I primi 120 km della crosta terrestre sono costituiti al 95% di ossigeno e silicati. Le riserve di silicio consumabili, anche a fini energetici, sono immense, mentre sulla superficie esistono ampie aree, anche nel mare, dove i venti spirano costanti e intensi per oltre 3000 ore all&#8217;anno, come di zone di intensa luce con oltre 2000 ore all&#8217;anno al picco. Vento e luce sono le energie rinnovabili le cui tecnologie per il loro sfruttamento sono fatte di materiali riciclabili quali ferro, alluminio, rame, silicio e suoi derivati, e che possono oggi essere considerate tecnologie energetiche provate.</p><p>Queste energie (luce e vento) consentono di pensare alla colonizzazione, con tecnologie appropriate, di ampie superficie della Terra per produrre grandi quantità di energia rinnovabile, sotto forma di elettricità, il cui trasporto potrà avvenire a mezzo di reti elettriche a alta e altissima tensione e a mezzo di un vettore, fuel, quale è l&#8217;idrogeno, prodotto per elettrolisi dell&#8217;acqua.</p><p>L&#8217;elettricità stocastica potrà essere idroaccumulata pompando acqua in bacini in quota e convertita anche in idrogeno, per poi essere ridistribuita, alla domanda dei consumi come elettricità e fuel idrogeno.</p><p>L&#8217;idroaccumulazione della elettricità offre rendimenti quasi doppi della accumulazione nel vettore fuel idrogeno.</p><p>Le tecnologie della forza dei venti e della luce sono giunte a un livello di affidabilità che ne fa prefigurare l&#8217;operatività in campo a tempo indeterminato con cicli di smantellamento e sostituzione a nuovo di 25 anni. Questa evoluzione può essere assecondata da modelli di investimento associati a un &#8220;ammortamento in corso d&#8217;opera&#8221;, che consente di ridurre &#8220;l&#8217;indebitamento&#8221; fino a giungere a un <strong>investimento di costo zero</strong>. Questo criterio economico innovativo è consentito dalla <strong>disponibilità immediata</strong>, anche se stocastica, della energia dal vento e dalla luce.</p><p>Per procedere assumiamo le seguenti definizioni:</p><p>ΔTc intervallo di tempo della costruzione &#8220;chiavi in mano&#8221; del sistema energetico rinnovabile, <strong>SER</strong></p><p>ΔTam intervallo di tempo dell&#8217;ammortamento tra due successivi smantellamenti della frazione obsoleta del sistema energetico rinnovabile, <strong>SER</strong></p><p><strong>SER </strong>sistema energetico rinnovabile</p><p>I investimento (Euro, Dollaro) per la costruzione e messa in opera del SER</p><p>P potenza di picco del SER (MWep)</p><p>E energia elettrica prodotta dal SER (KWhe/anno)</p><p>Cj costo medio di un job comprensivo di carichi fiscali e sociali, nonchè della frazione relativa ai costi di esercizio del job e al profitto di impresa</p><p>E1 costo industriale di produzione della energia elettrica prodotta dal SER (dollari/ KWhe)</p><p>E2 prezzo medio di vendita del KWhe<sub>  </sub>rinnovabile riferito all&#8217;intervallo di tempo ΔTam</p><p>EPTEP equivalent petroleum thermoelectric production (4000 KWhe/TEP)</p><p>EPSC equivalent petroleum saved credit (dollari/TEP)</p><p>Np numero di job industriali per la costruzione e produzione dei componenti del SER</p><p>Nc numero di job impegnati per assemblare la potenza Cp del SER</p><p>Cp capacità di produzione industriale derivata dalla costruzione del SER (MWep/anno)</p><p>SSE società di servizi energetici</p><p>SPCE società per la produzione di componenti energetici.</p>								</div>
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                            <div><iframe title="STRATEGIA ECONOMICA PER ASSECONDARE LE POLITICHE DI SVILUPPO COMPATIBILE SULLA TERRA &#8211; 2014" class="embedpress-embed-document-pdf embedpress-pdf-b711dd6" style="width: 1000px!important;height: 1000px;; max-width:100%; display: inline-block" src="https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/plugins/embedpress/assets/pdf/web/viewer.html?&#038;file=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visentinroberto.it%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F03%2FSTRATEGIA-ECONOMICA-PER-ASSECONDARE-LE-POLITICHE-DI-SVILUPPO-COMPATIBILE-SULLA-TERRA-2014.pdf&#038;scrolling=0&#038;selection_tool=0&#038;spreads=-1#key=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&#038;zoom=auto" class="embedpress-embed-document-pdf embedpress-pdf-b711dd6" data-emid="embedpress-pdf-b711dd6" data-embed-type="PDF" data-ep-views="off" data-ep-downloads="off" frameborder="0"></iframe></div>                        </div>

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		<title>2010 &#8211; Nucleare, NO GRAZIE Rivedere le scelte si può, risparmiare si deve</title>
		<link>https://www.visentinroberto.it/nucleare-no-grazie-rivedere-le-scelte-si-puo-risparmiare-si-deve/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Marta Visentin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 25 Mar 2022 17:26:33 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[PUBBLICAZIONI E RICERCHE]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://robertovisentin.info/?p=605</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Rivedere le scelte si può, risparmiare si deve di Roberto Visentin* L’opzione atomica è nata nel 1960, quando i consumi di energia sulla Terra erano almeno dieci volte inferiori agli attuali (oggi attestati a 14 miliardi di TEP/anno) e quelli elettrici non superiori al 20% dei consumi totali. Non erano ancora accaduti incidenti catastrofici, come [&#8230;]]]></description>
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									<p><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-608 size-full" src="https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2-a-Simbolo-nucleare_no_grazie.png" alt="Nucleare, NO GRAZIE" width="1481" height="1481" srcset="https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2-a-Simbolo-nucleare_no_grazie.png 1481w, https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2-a-Simbolo-nucleare_no_grazie-300x300.png 300w, https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2-a-Simbolo-nucleare_no_grazie-1024x1024.png 1024w, https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2-a-Simbolo-nucleare_no_grazie-150x150.png 150w, https://www.visentinroberto.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2-a-Simbolo-nucleare_no_grazie-768x768.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1481px) 100vw, 1481px" /></p><h2>Rivedere le scelte si può, risparmiare si deve</h2><p>di Roberto Visentin*</p><p>L’opzione atomica è nata nel 1960, quando i consumi di energia sulla Terra erano almeno dieci volte inferiori agli attuali (oggi attestati a 14 miliardi di TEP/anno) e quelli elettrici non superiori al 20% dei consumi totali. Non erano ancora accaduti incidenti catastrofici, come nel seguito, e si prevedeva una autonomia di almeno due secoli col mondo tutto nucleare, elettricità e idrogeno abbondanti dall’atomo. Lo sviluppo dell’energia elettrica dall’atomo venne dapprima frenato dai bassi costi con i quali elettricità si otteneva con generatori termoelettrici alimentati con carbone e olio combustibile, i rifiuti radioattivi delle centrali elettronucleari in funzione venivano abbandonati in aree isolate o conservati presso gli stessi impianti, ogni paese provava la sua bomba atomica, il problema della contaminazione dell’ambiente era sottovalutato e di fatto non esisteva.</p><p>Successivamente, gli incidenti catastrofici, prima in USA (Three Miles Island, 1979) e poi in Unione Sovietica (Chernobyl, 1986), la moratoria internazionale sugli armamenti nucleari (fine della Guerra Fredda), bloccarono ogni iniziativa nucleare nel mondo, nacquero stringenti criteri di sicurezza (EPA/USA) per la gestione degli impianti elettronucleari e l’elettricità atomica veniva messa fuori mercato, causa gli altissimi costi per la sicurezza. Alcuni stati, come la Francia, scaricarono questi costi sulla collettività per continuare a sostenere l’elefantiaco parco elettronucleare francese (voluto dal Gen. De Gaulle per creare l’arsenale di bombe atomiche della Francia, la Grandeur Atomic de la France), mentre altri stati, come l’Unione Sovietica, non li assunsero e continuarono, come continuano, a gestire “a alto rischio” la produzione elettronucleare sovietica. Attualmente sulla Terra sono in funzione 500 GWe atomici che producono elettricità pari al 5,35% dei consumi energetici totali sul pianeta, questi affidati per l’85% a petrolio, carbone, gas naturale e circa 10% all’energia dall’acqua (idroelettricità – rinnovabile), mentre paesi come Iran e Corea del Nord stanno replicando la strategia del passato atomico, energia nucleare prevalentemente per allestire il loro arsenale nucleare bellico.</p><p>L’elettricità costituisce oggi nel pianeta il 45% dei consumi di fonti primarie e è così ripartita: 12% da atomo, 16% da idroelettricità, 40% da carbone, 32% da idrocarburi.</p><p>Le riserve di Uranio si sono assottigliate, il 50% degli impianti elettronucleari è costituito da sistemi ormai vetusti e sempre più pericolosi, i rifiuti radioattivi si abbandonano in aree desertiche, si inabissano nei mari, si custodiscono in caverne sotterranee, l’inquinamento radioattivo va aumentando mentre il mondo, distratto, continua a correre. Attualmente si valutano ancora ragionevolmente sfruttabili 4 milioni di TONS di Uranio e i consumi del parco di 500 GWe in funzione sono attestati a 70mila TONS/anno. L’autonomia residua di questo parco atomico in servizio sulla Terra è di 57 anni (fino al 2067). <strong>L’opzione nucleare è scomparsa</strong>, ridotta a fornire il 5,35% dei consumi sulla Terra (una goccia in mezzo al mare) con 57 anni di autonomia residua, autonomia che si riduce a 37 anni con l’ipotetico raddoppio a 1000 GWe della potenza atomica sul pianeta. L’agonia dell’atomo è inarrestabile e solo un consumo parsimonioso dello stesso (che rende comunque residuale il contributo dell’energia atomica rispetto ai consumi globali) quale si è verificato fin qui, a causa delle vicende prima citate, può salvare dal fallimento l’industria nucleare e ridimensionare i fautori ideologici di questa energia.</p><p>Ma non è solo l’atomo prossimo alla stazione di arrivo, lo è anche il petrolio a basso prezzo, su cui è basata l’economia dei consumi dal secolo scorso a oggi. In Iraq ci sono 112 miliardi di barili di petrolio estraibili a 2/2,5 $/barrel e si ipotizzano altri 100 miliardi da individuare. Le riserve di petrolio a basso prezzo sono circa 600 miliardi di barili (un terzo dei quali in Iraq) mentre i consumi globali sono attestati a 25 miliardi di barili ogni anno: tra 24 anni (Anno 2034) il petrolio a basso costo non è più disponibile nel mercato dei consumi. Di petrolio da estrarre ce ne è ancora (circa 2000 miliardi di barili) ma costerà molto di più di 2 $/barrel dato che bisogna  pomparlo su dagli abissi del mare, dai ghiacci del Polo Sud e spremerlo dalle sabbie bituminose e da scisti oleosi.</p><p>A questo punto, visto che l’opzione nucleare universale, eterna, pulita, sicura, a basso prezzo è solo una chimera, che il petrolio sporco a basso prezzo ha i lustri contati e che le riserve di gas naturale e carbone (di cui, per memoria, esistono 5mila miliardi di TONS di carbone geologico tuttora non intaccato) a buon prezzo, anche se abbondanti, non sono illimitate, il <strong>risparmio di energia</strong> (taglio dei consumi non obbligati, riduzione d’intensità di quelli obbligati) appare essere la prima strategia globale di sopravvivenza. Il passo successivo è quello dell’economia dei nuovi Fuels, per alimentare la mobilità individuale e collettiva di persone e merci, che solo per il movimento al suolo è rappresentata oggi da quasi un miliardo di veicoli in circolazione. I consumi per la mobilità motorizzata nel globo sono circa il 25% dei consumi totali di fonti primarie (prevalentemente petrolio, gas metano) e cioè 3 miliardi e mezzo di TEP ogni anno. Idrogeno e Agrofuels dovranno sostenere questo livello di consumi: l’Idrogeno sarà necessario per produrre carburanti sintetici in impianti industriali, già ben collaudati, di idrogenazione del Carbonio e come fuel per i veicoli a motore a scoppio o a fuelcell Idrogeno-aria. Gli agrofuels alimenteranno in toto o in miscela con benzine e gasoli sintetici (come oggi in miscela con derivati da petrolio), motori a scoppio e diesel. Tuttavia tenuto conto che la popolazione mondiale è in crescita e al 2040 non sarà inferiore a 8 miliardi di unità, non possiamo attenderci un grande contributo dagli agrofuels (bioetanolo e biodiesel) per la impossibilità di sequestrare a fini energetici sempre più ampie superficie coltivabili e idonee a produrre mais per l’alimentazione umana. Pertanto all’Idrogeno verrà affidato il carico più significativo per alimentare il mercato dei fuels per la mobilità motorizzata.</p><p>I processi industriali oggi in uso per ottenere idrogeno da metano o dal carbone, appaiono del tutto inadatti a produrre Idrogeno in grande quantità come fuel a buon prezzo, sia per le quantità in gioco sia per lo sfavorevole bilancio energetico. Quindi Idrogeno puro dovrà essere prodotto per elettrolisi dell’acqua in ciclo chiuso per la conservazione dell’acqua (acqua-elettricità-idrogeno-conversione-acqua). La produzione di Idrogeno per elettrolisi avrà come conseguenza grandi consumi di energie primarie o, nel caso dell’energia solare (luce, vento, acqua), di materiali, visto che la riserva di energia solare è illimitata. Per l’energia solare il principale materiale consumato è il Silicio, mentre gli altri sono materiali riciclabili, quali Ferro, Alluminio, Rame, Argento, di cui in questa esposizione trascuriamo il consumo. In Tabella 1 sono riportati i consumi di energie e materiali per produrre 1 metro cubo di Idrogeno.</p><table><tbody><tr><td width="219"><p>Materiali &#8211; Energia</p></td><td width="135"><p>Consumo</p></td></tr><tr><td width="219"><p>Silicio</p></td><td width="135"><p>0,096 g</p></td></tr><tr><td width="219"><p>Carbone</p></td><td width="135"><p>1,19 Kg</p></td></tr><tr><td width="219"><p>Uranio</p></td><td width="135"><p>0,098 g</p></td></tr><tr><td width="219"><p>(gas naturale)</p></td><td width="135"><p>(0,94 m<sup>3</sup>)</p></td></tr><tr><td width="219"><p>(petrolio)</p></td><td width="135"><p>(1,02 Kg)</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Tabella 1 &#8211; Consumi di energia e/o materiali per produrre 1 metro cubo di Idrogeno elettrolitico.</p><p>Gas naturale e petrolio sono riportati in parentesi in quanto tali energie non presentano convenienza economica a produrre Idrogeno per elettrolisi dell’acqua, essendo essi stessi fuels.</p><p>I valori sono riportati per avere ordini di grandezza.</p><p>Pertanto Sole, Carbone, Atomo restano i potenziali candidati ad alimentare l’economia dell’Idrogeno sulla Terra. Nella Tabella 2 sono messe a confronto le effettive potenzialità di queste energie nelle seguenti ipotesi:</p><ul><li>Consumo per mobilità sulla Terra al 2037 (anno della transizione energetica globale) uguale a quello registrato nel 2008 (3 miliardi e mezzo di TEP/anno)</li><li>18% affidato a produzione di agrofuels, con sequestro a fini energetici del 5% delle superficie coltivabili della Terra</li><li>82% affidato a Idrogeno, pari a 11500 miliardi di metri cubi da produrre ogni anno</li></ul><table><tbody><tr><td width="204"><p>Materiale &#8211; Energia</p></td><td width="240"><p>Consumo</p></td><td width="225"><p>Autonomia residua</p></td></tr><tr><td width="204"><p>Silicio</p></td><td width="240"><p>1099 miliardi di grammi</p></td><td width="225"><p>Oltre 1 milione di secoli</p></td></tr><tr><td width="204"><p>Carbone</p></td><td width="240"><p>13600 miliardi di Kg</p></td><td width="225"><p>73 anni</p></td></tr><tr><td width="204"><p>Uranio &#8211; Torio</p></td><td width="240"><p>1122 miliardi di grammi</p></td><td width="225"><p>3-8 anni</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Potenza termoelettrica equivalente in esercizio 8800 GWe.</p><p>Tabella 2 &#8211; Consumi di materiali e di energie per produrre tramite elettrolisi dell’acqua 11500 miliardi di metri cubi di Idrogeno all’anno; l’autonomia residua rappresenta l’intervallo di tempo nel quale la riserva di energia o di materiali si considera esaurita (per il Carbone si è supposto di attingere al 20% delle riserve geologiche).</p><p>I dati della Tabella 2 dimostrano che l’atomo non può sostenere l’economia dell’Idrogeno sulla Terra, le sue riserve sono del tutto insufficienti. L’economia dell’Idrogeno resta affidata alla riserva perenne dell’energia solare, alle immense riserve di Silicio della crosta terrestre, alle riserve di Carbone geologico.</p><p>Tornando infine ai fatti di casa nostra, prima inquadrati nel contesto globale, la decisione di imbarcarsi nell’avventura nucleare in Italia, avventura già rifiutata con referendum popolare, comporterebbe affrontare altissimi costi di investimento (costruzione, smantellamento) che dovrebbero essere ammortizzati nella tariffa, tariffa cui dovrebbero essere aggiunti i costi della sicurezza, contro attentati terroristici catastrofici, per il trasporto di combustibile radioattivo, per il trasporto, immagazzinamento e custodia di rifiuti radioattivi e mutageni, per organizzare e gestire i piani di evacuazione delle popolazioni residenti attorno alle centrali atomiche in caso di incidente, di gestione in massima sicurezza rispettando la convenzione di allarme internazionale in caso di guasto di livello determinato, tutto ciò e altro ancora, per arrivare a produrre meno del 20% dell’elettricità consumata ora in Italia a tariffe non competitive, con una tecnologia energetica dal futuro molto incerto (vista anche la scarsità delle riserve) aggiungendo tonnellate di rifiuti tossici e mutageni ai tanti altri che avvelenano il nostro territorio.</p><p>Questa decisione, appare opportuno rivedere. Tanto più che se si vuole uscire dall’olio combustibile, nel breve, senza rischi, con prospettiva di lungo periodo, a costi molto inferiori, basta trasformare le centrali termoelettriche ora alimentate con olio combustibile in centrali policombustibile a combustibile solido (carbone, biomasse, CDR-combustibile da rifiuti solidi urbani). Questo fatto, oltre tutto apre il mercato a energie endogene (biomasse – CDR) con effettiva e quantificabile riduzione delle importazioni energetiche, mentre innesca una contestuale opera di bonifica di tutto il nostro territorio.</p><p><u>Legenda:</u></p><p>barrel: barile di petrolio (circa 160 Kg)</p><p>EPA: Environmental Protection Agency</p><p>Fuels: carburanti</p><p>GWe: Miliardi di Watt elettrici</p><p>TEP: Tonnellata Equivalente di Petrolio</p><p>TONS: tonnellate</p>								</div>
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		<title>2009 &#8211; Sistema di controllo e gestione della produzione edistribuzione di energia derivata da fonti stocastiche</title>
		<link>https://www.visentinroberto.it/2009-sistema-di-controllo-e-gestione-della-produzione-edistribuzione-di-energia-derivata-da-fonti-stocastiche/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Marta Visentin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 31 Mar 2022 13:11:32 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[PUBBLICAZIONI E RICERCHE]]></category>
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